자료유형  

 학위논문

Control Number  

0017162205

International Standard Book Number  

9798342709965

Dewey Decimal Classification Number  

136

Main Entry-Personal Name  

Hospodar, Christina M.

Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint  

[S.l.] : New York University., 2024

Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint  

Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024

Physical Description  

151 p.

General Note  

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: B.

General Note  

Advisor: Adolph, Karen.

Dissertation Note  

Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University, 2024.

Summary, Etc.  

요약The development of locomotion-one of the most significant achievements of infancy-can be described by its form (i.e., gait) and its function (i.e., mobility), both of which improve with experience. Traditional treatises on infant locomotion typically focus on form by describing an orderly progression of postural and locomotor milestones en route to characteristic patterns of crawling and walking gait. In this dissertation, I demonstrate that a focus on gait and milestones leads researchers astray from the real point of locomotion-functional mobility in the real world.Chapter 1, "The development of gait and mobility: Form and function in infant locomotion," details my conceptual framework. We first provide a traditional treatment of gait by describing developmental antecedents of and improvements in characteristic gait patterns, but we highlight important misconceptions inherent in the notion of "milestones." Most critically, we argue that the prevailing focus on gait and milestones fails to capture the true essence of locomotion-functional mobility to engage with the world. Thus, we also describe the development of mobility, including the use of mobility aids for support and propulsion. We illustrate how infants find individual solutions for mobility and how the ability to move cascades into other domains of development. Finally, we show how an integration of gait and mobility provides insights into the psychological processes that make locomotion functional.Chapter 2, "Practice and proficiency: Factors that facilitate infant walking skill," tests how practice exerts its influence on the development of walking skill (i.e., standard gait). Infant walking skill improves with practice-crudely estimated by elapsed time since walk onset. However, despite the robust relation between elapsed time (months walking) and skill, practice is likely constrained and facilitated by infants' home environments, sociodemographic influences, and spontaneous activity. Individual pathways are tremendously diverse in the timing of walk onset and the trajectory of improvement, and presumably, the amount and type of practice. To determine what factors affect the development of walking skill, we examined the role of months walking, walk onset age, spontaneous locomotor activity, body dimensions, and environmental factors on the development of walking skill in two sociodemographically distinct samples (ns = 38 and 44) of 13-, 15-, and 19-month-old infants. Months walking best predicted how well infants walked, but environmental factors and spontaneous activity explained additional variance in walking skill. Specifically, less crowded homes, a larger percentage of time in spontaneous walking, and a smaller percentage of short walking bouts predicted more mature walking. Walk onset age differed by sample but did not affect walking skill. Findings indicate that elapsed time since walk onset remains a robust predictor of walking skill, but environmental factors and spontaneous activity also contribute to infants' practice, thereby affecting walking skill. Thus, Chapter 2 highlights the benefit of using standardized gait measures for comparing individuals, and demonstrates the interdependency between form and function across development-how infants move in the space available to them affects the development of walking form.Chapter 3, "Infants and adults are sensitive to the costs of upright and non-upright locomotion," demonstrates how despite infants' willingness to incur unnecessary costs of locomotion, infants-like adults-are nonetheless sensitive to the costs of upright versus non-upright locomotion. We tested decisions to move in groups with different body sizes and skills (crawling and walking infants and their adult caregivers) in conditions with different incentives to move (toys clustered in a pile versus dispersed around the room). Surprisingly, every infant and caregiver moved non-upright, but some crawlers and caregivers did not move upright. Across toy conditions, caregivers moved less than infants, and crawlers moved less than walkers. In half of their bouts in both conditions, infants and caregivers did not move toward a destination, suggesting willingness to incur unnecessary costs. Moreover, all groups moved more when toys were dispersed, suggesting interesting destinations rival the increased cost of moving farther distances. Most critically, crawlers, walkers, and caregivers showed bout-level sensitivity to the costs of upright and non-upright locomotion for their group-they factored in starting posture and travel distance when deciding how to move. Crawlers only moved upright if they were already standing and traveled short distances; if they were seated or moved long distances, they crawled. Conversely, walkers and caregivers only moved in non-upright positions if they were already seated and traveled short distances; otherwise, they walked. Thus, Chapter 3 highlights the real-time relations between locomotor form and function-locomotor forms have different costs depending on the real-time relations between the body and environment, so optimal solutions for mobility are constantly in flux.

Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  

Developmental psychology.

Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  

Kinesiology.

Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  

Physical therapy.

Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  

Psychobiology.

Index Term-Uncontrolled  

Gait

Index Term-Uncontrolled  

Locomotion

Index Term-Uncontrolled  

Mobility

Index Term-Uncontrolled  

Motor development

Index Term-Uncontrolled  

Walking

Added Entry-Corporate Name  

New York University Psychology

Host Item Entry  

Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04B.

Electronic Location and Access  

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Control Number  

joongbu:657913