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Myc Choreographs the Crosstalk Between Tumor Cells and Macrophages to Drive Immune Evasion in Cancer- [electronic resource]
Myc Choreographs the Crosstalk Between Tumor Cells and Macrophages to Drive Immune Evasion in Cancer- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문
Control Number  
0016933802
International Standard Book Number  
9798380320559
Dewey Decimal Classification Number  
575
Main Entry-Personal Name  
Dhanasekaran, Renumathy.
Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint  
[S.l.] : Stanford University., 2022
Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2022
Physical Description  
1 online resource(212 p.)
General Note  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-03, Section: A.
General Note  
Advisor: Felsher, Dean;Wang, Kevin;Oro, Anthony.
Dissertation Note  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2022.
Restrictions on Access Note  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
Summary, Etc.  
요약The MYC oncogene is one of the most commonly activated oncogenes in human cancer [1]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), an aggressive malignancy with prognosis, shows MYC activation in up to 70% of patients [1]. The coordinated effects of MYC on a multitude of cellular processes results in enforcement of the hallmarks of cancer. While the role of MYC in regulating cancer cell autonomous functions like cell growth, proliferation and metabolic dysfunction are well characterized [2-4], the mechanisms by which MYC modulates the host immune response are not fully understood. Macrophages are immune cells part of the mononuclear phagocyte innate immune system which play a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis [5,6]. They are one of the largest immune populations infiltrating tumors and have a strong prognostic and therapeutic role [7]. This dissertation focuses on the mechanistic and therapeutic role of the MYC oncogene in regulating the crosstalk between liver cancer cells and macrophages.Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides a broad overview of the role of the MYC oncogene in enabling the cancer cells to evade host immune surveillance. I describe the major MYC genetic aberrations and alternate mechanisms by which the MYC-related pathways are activated in most cancers. I summarize recent studies which demonstrate how MYC signaling enables tumor cells to dysregulate their microenvironment and reprogram the host immune response. I discuss how MYC pathways not only dictate cancer cell pathophysiology but also suppress the host immune response against that cancer by promoting exclusion of surveilling lymphocytes, regulating the expression of immune checkpoints and reprogramming innate immune cells.Currently, there are very limited therapeutic options for the management of liver cancer [8]. While MYC is a prominent therapeutic target in HCC, it is generally considered undruggable. In chapter 2 I present data which establishes the therapeutic role of MYC in liver cancer. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) were used to target and reduce the expression of MYC to impede tumor progression and phenotypically elicits oncogene addiction in the transgenic mouse models of MYC-driven primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). I show that the ASOs effectively depleted MYC mRNA and protein expression without significant toxicity. Treatment with MYC ASO in vivo, but not with a control ASO, decreased proliferation, induced apoptosis, increased senescence, and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by recruitment of CD4+ T cells. I further demonstrate that MYC ASO inhibits the growth of human liver cancer xenografts in vivo. Thus, our results illustrate the feasibility of therapeutically targeting MYC in liver cancer.Metastasis is a major cause of mortality in cancer. In chapter 3 I demonstrate how MYC cooperates with the transcription factor Twist1 to promote metastasis in liver cancer. We generated an autochthonous transgenic mouse model whereby conditional expression of MYC and Twist1 enables hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to metastasize in 90% of mice. We show that MYC and Twist1 cooperate to elicit a transcriptional program associated with the expression of a cytokinome that leads to the recruitment and polarization of tumorassociated macrophages (TAM). Systemic treatment with CCL2 and IL13 induced MYCHCCs to metastasize; whereas, blockade of CCL2 and IL13 abrogated MYC/Twist1-HCC metastasis. Further, I show that MYC and TWIST1 in 33 human cancers (n=9502) predicts poor survival, CCL2/IL13 expression and TAM infiltration. Finally, I conducted a prospective clinical study to confirm that plasma levels of CCL2 and IL13 predicted invasive liver tumors. We conclude that MYC and TWIST1 cooperate to elicit crosstalk between cancer cells and macrophages to drive metastasis.The role of MYC and macrophages in determining response to immune checkpoint therapy is not fully appreciated. In chapter 4, I show MYC oncogene induces a Th2-like immune profile, with reduced CD8 T cell infiltration, activates immune checkpoint expression, and predicts responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibition in human HCC. I confirm experimentally that MYC-driven tumors suppress pro-inflammatory antigen-presenting macrophages with increased CD40 and MHCII expression, which in turn impedes T cell response. Further, I demonstrate that the MYC-driven suppression of macrophages can be reversed by combined but not individual blockades of PDL1 and CTLA4. Moreover, depletion of macrophages abrogated the anti-neoplastic effects of PDL1 and CTLA4 blockade. Hence, I establish that MYC is a predictor of responsiveness to immunotherapy through suppression of pro-inflammatory macrophages, and this immune evasion can be overcome by combined PDL1 and CTLA4 blockade.MYC inactivation leads to reversible tumor dormancy in liver cancer [9]. The immunogenic mechanisms governing MYC-induced tumor dormancy are illustrated in chapter 5. Using transgenic mouse models of MYC driven liver cancer and human HCC therapy-resistant dormancy, I establish that the TGFβ pathway is activated in quiescent cancer stem cell-like dormant tumor cells. Single cell RNA sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence demonstrate that immunosuppressive PDL1 expressing macrophages engulf the dormant tumor cells in the perivascular niche and secrete TGFβ1 thus enabling their survival. Lastly, I confirm that inhibition of both TGFβ and PDL1 pathways is required to eliminate dormant tumor cells and prevent cancer recurrence. I show the translational relevance of these findings using human samples therapy-resistant HCC. Thus, I have identified a novel, therapeutically vulnerable, mechanism governing macrophage-mediated dormancy in MYC-driven cancers.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Cells.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Gene expression.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Kidney cancer.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Medical prognosis.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Metastasis.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Toxicity.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Lung cancer.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Addictions.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Cytokines.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Medical research.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Lymphocytes.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Genomes.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Epigenetics.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Liver cancer.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Gene amplification.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Tumors.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Angiogenesis.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Transcription factors.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Bioinformatics.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Genetics.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Immunology.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Medicine.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Oncology.
Subject Added Entry-Topical Term  
Toxicology.
Added Entry-Corporate Name  
Stanford University.
Host Item Entry  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-03A.
Host Item Entry  
Dissertation Abstract International
Electronic Location and Access  
로그인을 한후 보실 수 있는 자료입니다.
Control Number  
joongbu:641469

MARC

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■1001  ▼aDhanasekaran,  Renumathy.
■24510▼aMyc  Choreographs  the  Crosstalk  Between  Tumor  Cells  and  Macrophages  to  Drive  Immune  Evasion  in  Cancer▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]▼bStanford  University.  ▼c2022
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2022
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(212  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-03,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Felsher,  Dean;Wang,  Kevin;Oro,  Anthony.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2022.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThe  MYC  oncogene  is  one  of  the  most  commonly  activated  oncogenes  in  human  cancer  [1].  Hepatocellular  carcinoma  (HCC),  an  aggressive  malignancy  with  prognosis,  shows  MYC  activation  in  up  to  70%  of  patients  [1].  The  coordinated  effects  of  MYC  on  a  multitude  of  cellular  processes  results  in  enforcement  of  the  hallmarks  of  cancer.  While  the  role  of  MYC  in  regulating  cancer  cell  autonomous  functions  like  cell  growth,  proliferation  and  metabolic  dysfunction  are  well  characterized  [2-4],  the  mechanisms  by  which  MYC  modulates  the  host  immune  response  are  not  fully  understood.  Macrophages  are  immune  cells  part  of  the  mononuclear  phagocyte  innate  immune  system  which  play  a  crucial  role  in  tumor  progression  and  metastasis  [5,6].  They  are  one  of  the  largest  immune  populations  infiltrating  tumors  and  have  a  strong  prognostic  and  therapeutic  role  [7].  This  dissertation  focuses  on  the  mechanistic  and  therapeutic  role  of  the  MYC  oncogene  in  regulating  the  crosstalk  between  liver  cancer  cells  and  macrophages.Chapter  1  of  this  dissertation  provides  a  broad  overview  of  the  role  of  the  MYC  oncogene  in  enabling  the  cancer  cells  to  evade  host  immune  surveillance.  I  describe  the  major  MYC  genetic  aberrations  and  alternate  mechanisms  by  which  the  MYC-related  pathways  are  activated  in  most  cancers.  I  summarize  recent  studies  which  demonstrate  how  MYC  signaling  enables  tumor  cells  to  dysregulate  their  microenvironment  and  reprogram  the  host  immune  response.  I  discuss  how  MYC  pathways  not  only  dictate  cancer  cell  pathophysiology  but  also  suppress  the  host  immune  response  against  that  cancer  by  promoting  exclusion  of  surveilling  lymphocytes,  regulating  the  expression  of  immune  checkpoints  and  reprogramming  innate  immune  cells.Currently,  there  are  very  limited  therapeutic  options  for  the  management  of  liver  cancer  [8].  While  MYC  is  a  prominent  therapeutic  target  in  HCC,  it  is  generally  considered  undruggable.  In  chapter  2  I  present  data  which  establishes  the  therapeutic  role  of  MYC  in  liver  cancer.  Antisense  oligonucleotides  (ASOs)  were  used  to  target  and  reduce  the  expression  of  MYC  to  impede  tumor  progression  and  phenotypically  elicits  oncogene  addiction  in  the  transgenic  mouse  models  of  MYC-driven  primary  hepatocellular  carcinoma  (HCC).  I  show  that  the  ASOs  effectively  depleted  MYC  mRNA  and  protein  expression  without  significant  toxicity.  Treatment  with  MYC  ASO  in  vivo,  but  not  with  a  control  ASO,  decreased  proliferation,  induced  apoptosis,  increased  senescence,  and  remodeled  the  tumor  microenvironment  by  recruitment  of  CD4+  T  cells.  I  further  demonstrate  that  MYC  ASO  inhibits  the  growth  of  human  liver  cancer  xenografts  in  vivo.  Thus,  our  results  illustrate  the  feasibility  of  therapeutically  targeting  MYC  in  liver  cancer.Metastasis  is  a  major  cause  of  mortality  in  cancer.  In  chapter  3  I  demonstrate  how  MYC  cooperates  with  the  transcription  factor  Twist1  to  promote  metastasis  in  liver  cancer.  We  generated  an  autochthonous  transgenic  mouse  model  whereby  conditional  expression  of  MYC  and  Twist1  enables  hepatocellular  carcinoma  (HCC)  to  metastasize  in  90%  of  mice.  We  show  that  MYC  and  Twist1  cooperate  to  elicit  a  transcriptional  program  associated  with  the  expression  of  a  cytokinome  that  leads  to  the  recruitment  and  polarization  of  tumorassociated  macrophages  (TAM).  Systemic  treatment  with  CCL2  and  IL13  induced  MYCHCCs  to  metastasize;  whereas,  blockade  of  CCL2  and  IL13  abrogated  MYC/Twist1-HCC  metastasis.  Further,  I  show  that  MYC  and  TWIST1  in  33  human  cancers  (n=9502)  predicts  poor  survival,  CCL2/IL13  expression  and  TAM  infiltration.  Finally,  I  conducted  a  prospective  clinical  study  to  confirm  that  plasma  levels  of  CCL2  and  IL13  predicted  invasive  liver  tumors.  We  conclude  that  MYC  and  TWIST1  cooperate  to  elicit  crosstalk  between  cancer  cells  and  macrophages  to  drive  metastasis.The  role  of  MYC  and  macrophages  in  determining  response  to  immune  checkpoint  therapy  is  not  fully  appreciated.  In  chapter  4,  I  show  MYC  oncogene  induces  a  Th2-like  immune  profile,  with  reduced  CD8  T  cell  infiltration,  activates  immune  checkpoint  expression,  and  predicts  responsiveness  to  immune  checkpoint  inhibition  in  human  HCC.  I  confirm  experimentally  that  MYC-driven  tumors  suppress  pro-inflammatory  antigen-presenting  macrophages  with  increased  CD40  and  MHCII  expression,  which  in  turn  impedes  T  cell  response.  Further,  I  demonstrate  that  the  MYC-driven  suppression  of  macrophages  can  be  reversed  by  combined  but  not  individual  blockades  of  PDL1  and  CTLA4.  Moreover,  depletion  of  macrophages  abrogated  the  anti-neoplastic  effects  of  PDL1  and  CTLA4  blockade.  Hence,  I  establish  that  MYC  is  a  predictor  of  responsiveness  to  immunotherapy  through  suppression  of  pro-inflammatory  macrophages,  and  this  immune  evasion  can  be  overcome  by  combined  PDL1  and  CTLA4  blockade.MYC  inactivation  leads  to  reversible  tumor  dormancy  in  liver  cancer  [9].  The  immunogenic  mechanisms  governing  MYC-induced  tumor  dormancy  are  illustrated  in  chapter  5.  Using  transgenic  mouse  models  of  MYC  driven  liver  cancer  and  human  HCC  therapy-resistant  dormancy,  I  establish  that  the  TGFβ  pathway  is  activated  in  quiescent  cancer  stem  cell-like  dormant  tumor  cells.  Single  cell  RNA  sequencing  and  multiplex  immunofluorescence  demonstrate  that  immunosuppressive  PDL1  expressing  macrophages  engulf  the  dormant  tumor  cells  in  the  perivascular  niche  and  secrete  TGFβ1  thus  enabling  their  survival.  Lastly,  I  confirm  that  inhibition  of  both  TGFβ  and  PDL1  pathways  is  required  to  eliminate  dormant  tumor  cells  and  prevent  cancer  recurrence.  I  show  the  translational  relevance  of  these  findings  using  human  samples  therapy-resistant  HCC.  Thus,  I  have  identified  a  novel,  therapeutically  vulnerable,  mechanism  governing  macrophage-mediated  dormancy  in  MYC-driven  cancers.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aCells.
■650  4▼aGene  expression.
■650  4▼aKidney  cancer.
■650  4▼aMedical  prognosis.
■650  4▼aMetastasis.
■650  4▼aToxicity.
■650  4▼aLung  cancer.
■650  4▼aAddictions.
■650  4▼aCytokines.
■650  4▼aMedical  research.
■650  4▼aLymphocytes.
■650  4▼aGenomes.
■650  4▼aEpigenetics.
■650  4▼aLiver  cancer.
■650  4▼aGene  amplification.
■650  4▼aTumors.
■650  4▼aAngiogenesis.
■650  4▼aTranscription  factors.
■650  4▼aBioinformatics.
■650  4▼aGenetics.
■650  4▼aImmunology.
■650  4▼aMedicine.
■650  4▼aOncology.
■650  4▼aToxicology.
■690    ▼a0715
■690    ▼a0369
■690    ▼a0982
■690    ▼a0454
■690    ▼a0564
■690    ▼a0992
■690    ▼a0383
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-03A.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2022
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16933802▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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